Skip to main content

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of items and constructs

From: The causal relationship between parental involvement and children's behavioural adjustment to KG-1 schooling

Constructs and items

Mean

Standard deviation

Externalizing behaviour

2.96

1.069

31

Fights with others

2.63

1.280

33

Threatens or bullies others

3.18

1.271

41

Argues with others

2.80

1.491

42

Talks back to adults when corrected

3.26

1.258

43

Gets angry easily

3.11

1.368

44

Has temper tantrums

2.17

1.271

Internalizing behaviour

2.99

1.120

32

Has low self esteem

2.82

1.408

34

Appears lonely

3.21

1.265

38

Shows anxiety about being with a group of children

2.81

1.191

39

Is easily embarrassed

3.36

1.425

45

Likes to be alone

3.07

1.447

46

Acts sad or depressed

2.71

1.420

Hyperactivity behaviour

3.02

0.937

35

Is easily distracted

2.99

1.276

36

Interrupts conversations of others

2.97

1.444

37

Disturbs ongoing activities

3.07

1.241

40

Doesn't listen to what others are saying

2.98

1.254

47

Acts impulsively

2.90

1.094

48

Fidgets and moves excessively

3.23

1.319

Parent involvement

3.28

0.949

51

Parents read more to their children at home

3.12

1.136

52

Parents more likely to visit their child's classroom

3.56

1.234

54

Parents highly involved in child education

3.14

1.585

55

Parents speak to teacher regularly

3.54

1.238

56

parents support their children's learning at home

3.04

1.265

57

Parent strong patterns of involvement

3.28

1.261