Table 3 Results of logistic regression for participation in ECEC in infancy and early childhood

Infancy (n = 21,437)

Country Effects

UK

USA

Neth

Can

Nor

Joint effect of country χ ² ( df 3)

Marginal effect of country compared to average

4445.46***

−.09

.02

.42

−.36

n/a

Socioeconomic variables

Average effect of socioeconomic variable χ ² ( df 1)

Average marginal effect

Country × socioeconomic Interaction χ ² ( df 3)

Marginal effect separately for each country

Ethnic minority

3.84

−.03

5.39

−.06

−.00

−.05

−.00

n/a

Young mother

.02

−.00

20.14***

−.07 ^a

.01

.01

.06^a

n/a

Low income

118.18***

−.14

94.21***

−.21 ^a

−.28 ^a

−.05^a

−.04 ^a

n/a

Low maternal education

37.39***

−.10

26.07***

−.14 ^a

−.13

−.09

−.04 ^a

n/a

Single parent

49.13***

.09

55.51***

.12

.27 ^a

−.01^a

−.01^a

n/a

Other children

125.55***

−.10

234.58***

−.21 ^a

−.15 ^a

−.02 ^a

−.01^a

n/a

Early childhood (n = 18,507)

Country Effects

UK

USA

Neth

Can

Nor

Joint effect of country χ ² ( df 4)

Marginal effect of country compared to average

3167.17***

−.26

−.11

.17

−.03

.22

Socioeconomic variables

Average effect of socioeconomic variable χ ² ( df 1)

Average marginal effect

Country × socioeconomic interaction χ ² ( df 4)

Marginal effect separately for each country

Ethnic minority

1.50

−.02

3.51

−.01

−.06

.00

.01

−.03

Young mother

6.01*

−.04

10.40*

−.06

.02

−.06^a

−.11 ^a

.01

Low income

147.22***

−.19

11.29*

−.22

−.25

−.14

−.25

−.09 ^a

Low maternal education

78.83***

−.15

1.39

−.16

−.20

−.14

−.15

−.11

Single parent

94.75***

.11

37.48***

.11

.25 ^a

.06 ^a

.13

−.01^a

Other children

204.31***

−.12

175.61***

−.20 ^a

−.21 ^a

−.02^a

−.17 ^a

−.01^a