Table 4 Results of logistic regression for using center-based vs. non-center-based ECEC in infancy and early childhood

Infancy (n = 8523)

Country Effects

UK

USA

Neth

Can

Nor

Joint effect of country χ2 ( df 3)

Marginal effect of country compared to average

1024.51***

−10

−.11

.38

−.17

n/a

Socioeconomic variables

Average effect of socioeconomic variable χ ² ( df 1)

Average marginal effect

Country × socioeconomic interaction χ ² ( df 3)

Marginal effect separately for each country

Ethnic minority

11.13***

−.07

8.21*

−.05

−.07

−.14 ^a

−.02

n/a

Young mother

.20

−.02

14.96**

−.14 ^a

.03

−.02

.07

n/a

Low income

5.44*

−.06

7.53

−.11 ^a

−.08

−.10

.06^a

n/a

Low maternal education

19.88***

−.11

22.64***

−.14

−.02

−.29 ^a

.01^a

n/a

Single parent

3.40

.07

3.22

.05

−.02

.07

.17

n/a

Other children

.65

.01

17.68***

−.05 ^a

.01

.04

.04

n/a

Early childhood (n = 9751)

Country effects

UK

USA

Neth

Can

Nor

Joint effect of country χ ² ( df 3)

Marginal effect of country compared to average

1003.97***

−.00

−.12

.26

−.13

n/a

Socioeconomic variables

Average effect of socioeconomic variable χ ² ( df 1)

Average marginal effect ^b

Country × socioeconomic interaction χ ² ( df 3) ^b

Marginal effect separately for each country

Ethnic minority

17.91***

.09

43.66***

.15 ^a

.08

−.04^a

.18

n/a

Young mother

1.09

−.03

2.83

−.07

.00

.01

−.06

n/a

Low income

5.59*

.05

4.61

.02

.00

.05

.14 ^a

n/a

Low maternal education

1.83

−.04

1.49

−.02

−.04

−.01

−.07

n/a

Single parent

1.26

.02

2.49

−.01

.01

.03

.07

n/a

Other children

.20

.01

8.46*

−.01

−.04

.05 ^a

.02

n/a