Table 3 Determinants of perceived accessibility, multilevel analysis
From: Perceived accessibility of childcare in Europe: a cross-country multilevel study
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | |
| Fixed part (individual-level) | ||||||
| Intercept | 0845*** (0160) | 0.655** (0.184) | 1.379*** (0.292) | 0.669* (0.313) | 0.665*** (0.177) | 0.810* (0.351) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Ref: female | ||||||
| Male | 0.153** (0.051) | 0.169** (0.055) | 0.168** (0.055) | 0.168** (0.055) | 0.171** (0.054) | 0.168** (0.055) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Ref: at work | ||||||
| Not at work | 0.183** (0.057) | 0.172** (0.062) | 0.172** (0.062) | 0.172* (0.062) | 0.177** (0.060) | 0.171* (0.062) |
| Education level | ||||||
| Ref: secondary or higher | ||||||
| Below secondary | − 0.128° (0.066) | − 0.158* (0.071) | − 0.167* (0.071) | − 0.166* (0.071) | − 0.158* (0.069) | − 0.166* (0.071) |
| Income self-assessment | ||||||
| Ref: better | ||||||
| Same as average income | − 0.260*** (0.058) | − 0.269*** (0.063) | − 0.269*** (0.063) | − 0.270*** (0.063) | − 0.274*** (0.061) | − 0.269*** (0.063) |
| Worse income | − 0.896*** (0.078) | − 0.866*** (0.085) | − 0.864*** (0.084) | − 0.866*** (0.084) | − 0.877*** (0.082) | − 0.864*** (0.084) |
| Rural/urban | ||||||
| Ref: urban | ||||||
| Rural | 0.225*** (0.053) | 0.244*** (0.057) | 0.243*** (0.057) | 0.245*** (0.057) | 0.248*** (0.056) | 0.245*** (0.057) |
| Partnership status | ||||||
| Ref: married/partnered | ||||||
| Non-partnered | − 0.070 (0.059) | − 0.016 (0.063) | − 0.015 (0.063) | − 0.015 (0.063) | − 0.028 (0.061) | − 0.015 (0.063) |
| ECEC own use/non-use | ||||||
| Ref: self use | ||||||
| Self non-use | − 0.598*** (0.055) | − 0.687*** (0.059) | − 0.687*** (0.059) | − 0.685*** (0.059) | − 0.668*** (0.058) | − 0.685*** (0.059) |
| Age | 0.010*** (0.002) | 0.010*** (0.002) | 0.011*** (0.002) | 0.011*** (0.002) | 0.010*** (0.002) | 0.011*** (0.002) |
| Fixed part (country-level) | ||||||
| Existence of private ECEC provision for 3–6 year-olds | ||||||
| Ref: exists | ||||||
| Does not exist | 0.550* (0.230) | |||||
| Start of legal entitlement (age in months) | − 0.010° (0.005) | |||||
| Start of free provision (age in months) | 0.005 (0.006) | |||||
| ECEC system being split or integrated | ||||||
| Ref: split | ||||||
| Mixed | 0.557° (0.285) | |||||
| Unitary/integrated | 0.689* (0.257) | |||||
| Minimum staff qualification for 3–6 year-olds (years of post-secondary education) | 0.036 (0.100) | |||||
| Random part | ||||||
| Level 1 individuals (residual variance) | 4.727*** (0.077) | 4.789*** (0.083) | 4.789*** (0.083) | 4.789*** (0.083) | 4.747*** (0.081) | 4.789*** (0.083) |
| Level 2 countries (intercept variance) | 0.566*** (0.143) | 0.351*** (0.100) | 0.382*** (0.107) | 0.414*** (0.117) | 0.326*** (0.091) | 0.427*** (0.120) |
| Model fit statistics | ||||||
| Deviance (− 2LL) | 33,431.108 | 29,397.993 | 29,399.998 | 29,402.334 | 30,346.549 | 29,403.063 |
| Change in deviance (Δ − 2LL) | 330.938 | 4033.115 | 4031.110 | 4028.774 | 3084.559 | 4028.045 |
| Nr of estimated parameters | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 13 |
| Change in nr of est’d parameters | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Intra-class correlation (%) | 10.70 | 6.83 | 7.38 | 7.96 | 6.43 | 8.18 |
| Sample size | ||||||
| Level-1, n | 7481 | 5864 | 5864 | 5864 | 6075 | 5864 |
| Level-2, n | 34 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 29 |
