Table 4 Determinants of perceived accessibility, multilevel analysis (continued)
From: Perceived accessibility of childcare in Europe: a cross-country multilevel study
| Â | Model 1 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | Model 10 | Model 11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | Coeff. (se) | |
Fixed part (individual-level) | ||||||
Intercept | 0.845*** (0.160) | 0.529 (0.393) | 0.386 (0.254) | 0.538° (0.268) | 0.967*** (0.207) | 1.287*** (0.280) |
Gender | ||||||
 Ref: female |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Male | 0.153** (0.051) | 0.195** (0.063) | 0.171** (0.057) | 0.174** (0.057) | 0.198*** (0.055) | 0.202** (0.065) |
Employment status | ||||||
 Ref: at work |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Not at work | 0.183** (0.057) | 0.222** (0.072) | 0.176** (0.064) | 0.176** (0.064) | 0.175** (0.062) | 0.179 (0.074) |
Education level | ||||||
 Ref: secondary or higher |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Below secondary | − 0.128° (0.066) | − 0.089 (0.083) | − 0.126° (0.074) | − 0.124° (0.073) | − 0.130° (0.071) | − 0.004 (0.086) |
Income self-assessment | ||||||
 Ref: better |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Same as average income | − 0.260*** (0.058) | − 0.270*** (0.070) | − 0.261*** (0.064) | − 0.419** (0.147) | − 0.256*** (0.062) | − 0.273*** (0.072) |
 Worse income | − 0.896*** (0.078) | − 0.871*** (0.098) | − 0.839*** (0.088) | − 1.206*** (0.187) | − 0.844*** (0.084) | − 0.866*** (0.103) |
Rural/urban | ||||||
 Ref: urban |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Rural | 0.225*** (0.053) | 0.216** (0.066) | 0.271*** (0.059) | 0.273*** (0.059) | 0.252*** (0.057) | 0.238*** (0.068) |
Partnership status | ||||||
 Ref: married/partnered |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Non-partnered | − 0.070 (0.059) | − 0.085 (0.073) | − 0.032 (0.065) | − 0.034 (0.065) | − 0.024 (0.062) | − 0.027 (0.074) |
ECEC own use/non-use | ||||||
 Ref: self use |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Self non-use | − 0.598*** (0.055) | − 0.682*** (0.068) | − 0.703*** (0.062) | − 0.701*** (0.062) | − 0.718*** (0.059) | − 0.760*** (0.071) |
Age | 0.010*** (0.002) | 0.009*** (0.002) | 0.011*** (0.002) | 0.012*** (0.002) | 0.012*** (0.002) | 0.011*** (0.002) |
Fixed part (country-level) | ||||||
Salary of staff working in pre-schools (10Â years experience) | Â | 0.015 (0.010) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Public spending per 0–5 year-olds in care and education |  |  | 0.024** (0.008) | 0.019* (0.008) |  |  |
Public spending per 0–5 year-olds in care and education × income | ||||||
 Ref: better income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Same as average income |  |  |  | 0.005 (0.004) |  |  |
 Worse income |  |  |  | 0.014* (0.006) |  |  |
Proportion of funding for ISCED 0 from private sources |  |  |  |  | − 0.001 (0.013) |  |
Proportion of funding for ISCED 0 from households |  |  |  |  |  | − 0.020 (0.019) |
Random part | ||||||
Level 1 individuals (residual variance) | 4.727*** (0.077) | 4.667*** (0.093) | 4.627*** (0.085) | 4.624*** (0.085) | 4.577*** (0.081) | 4.459*** (0.095) |
Level 2 countries (intercept variance) | 0.566*** (0.143) | 0.533** (0.177) | 0.318** (0.097) | 0.310** (0.100) | 0.320** (0.095) | 0.366** (0.136) |
Model fit statistics | ||||||
Deviance (− 2LL) | 33,431.108 | 22,075.561 | 26,019.304 | 26,014.334 | 27,963.944 | 19,325.721 |
Change in deviance (Δ − 2LL) | 330.938 | 11,355.547 | 7411.804 | 7416.774 | 5467.164 | 14,105.387 |
Nr of estimated parameters | 12 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 13 |
Change in nr of estd parameters | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Intra-class correlation (%) | 10.70 | 10.26 | 6.43 | 6.29 | 6.54 | 7.59 |
Sample size | ||||||
Level-1, n | 7481 | 4469 | 5273 | 5273 | 5621 | 3922 |
Level-2, n | 34 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 26 | 16 |