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Table 3 Statewide proficiency in reading and math (scored level 3 or level 4 on ACT Aspire and Never Retained); 3rd–7th Grades; 2014/2015, 2015/2016, 2016/2017 school years

From: The persistence of reading and math proficiency: the benefits of Alabama’s pre-kindergarten program endure in elementary and middle school

Demographic

Reading proficiency (Percent)

Chi square

Math proficiency (Percent)

Chi square

Yes

No

Yes

No

Overall

35.4

64.6

n/a

47.0

53.0

n/a

Poverty status

  

4.9e+04*

  

4.8e+04*

Poverty

24.7

75.3

 

35.9

64.1

 

Non-poverty

53.4

46.6

 

65.6

34.4

 

Race/ethnicity

  

3.7e+04*

  

3.8e+04*

Asian

64.0

36.0

2.4e+03*

78.0

22.0

2.6e+03*

Black

20.9

79.1

2.7e+04*

30.5

69.5

3.2e+04*

White

45.0

55.0

3.0e+04*

57.1

42.9

3.0e+04*

Hispanic

21.9

78.1

3.4e+03*

38.2

61.8

1.3e+03*

Other-multi

37.6

62.4

32.0*

51.0

49.0

92.8*

Gender

  

4.1e+03*

  

1.8e+03*

Female

39.5

60.5

 

49.8

50.2

 

Male

31.4

68.6

 

44.3

55.7

 
  1. * Statistically significant at p < 0.05