Table 3 Household factors associated with infant mortality in SSA; DHS 2008–2017
From: Household factors associated with infant and under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa countries
Variable | Model I | Model II | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | P | HR (95%CI) | P | |
Household headship | ||||
Male | 1.00 | |||
Female | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.435 | – | – |
Family type | ||||
Monogyny | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Polygyny | 1.45 (1.37, 1.52) | < 0.001* | 1.23 (1.16, 1.29) | < 0.001* |
Family size | ||||
1–2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
3–5 | 1.59 (1.51, 1.68) | < 0.001* | 1.74 (1.61, 1,90) | < 0.001* |
≥ 6 | 2.27 (2.15, 2.40) | < 0.001* | 2.54 (2.27, 2.83) | < 0.001* |
Marital status for mothers | ||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
In union/living with a man | 1.49 (1.35, 1.64) | < 0.001* | n/a | |
Formerly in union/living with a man | 2.17 (1.92, 2.45) | < 0.001* | n/a | |
Number of unions for mothers | ||||
Once | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
More than once | 1.33 (1.25, 1.41) | < 0.001* | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | < 0.001* |
Current residence of mother | ||||
Living with husband/partner | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Staying elsewhere | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) | 0.002* | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.416 |
Duration of couple in union | ||||
1 month–7 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
> 7 years–14 years | 1.34 (1.27, 1.41) | < 0.001* | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.006* |
> 14 years–21 years | 1.49 (1.40, 1.59) | < 0.001* | 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) | 0.001* |
> 21 years | 2.13 (1.98, 2.29) | < 0.001* | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.147 |
Never in union | 0.26 (0.04, 1.85) | 0.178 | 0.31 (0.04, 2.17) | 0.236 |
Household wealth quintiles | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.565 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) | 0.061 |
Middle | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.027* | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.970 |
Richer | 0.82 (0.77, 0.88) | < 0.001* | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.028* |
Richest | 0.66 (0.61, 0.71) | < 0.001* | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) | < 0.001* |
Mother’s educational level | ||||
No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) | < 0.001* | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | < 0.001* |
Secondary | 0.60 (0.56, 0.64) | < 0.001* | 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) | < 0.001* |
Higher | 0.38 (0.32, 0.47) | < 0.001* | 0.64 (0.50, 0.81) | < 0.001* |
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 1.28 (1.22, 1.35) | < 0.001* | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.372 |
Maternal age | ||||
15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 1.32 (1.21, 1.45) | < 0.001* | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 0.491 |
25–29 | 1.48 (1.36, 1.62) | < 0.001* | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.102 |
30–34 | 1.56 (1.42, 1.71) | < 0.001* | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) | 0.001* |
35–39 | 1.76 (1.59, 1.93) | < 0.001* | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | 0.004* |
40-44 | 2.43 (2.17, 2.71) | < 0.001* | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.492 |
45-49 | 3.58 (3.08, 4.17) | < 0.001* | 1.32 (1.07, 1.63) | 0.011* |