Table 4 Household factors associated with under-five mortality in SSA; DHS 2008–2017
From: Household factors associated with infant and under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa countries
Variable | Model III | Model IV | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | P | HR (95%CI) | P | |
Household headship | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 0.88 (0.85, 0.92) | < 0.001* | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) | 0.002* |
Family type | ||||
Monogyny | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Polygyny | 1.51 (1.46, 1.57) | < 0.001* | 1.33 (1.28, 1.38) | < 0.001* |
Family size | ||||
1–2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
3–5 | 1.29 (1.24, 1.35) | < 0.001* | 1.83 (1.73, 1.95) | < 0.001* |
≥ 6 | 1.78 (1.71, 1.86) | < 0.001* | 3.28 (3.03, 3.55) | < 0.001* |
Marital status for mothers | ||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
In union/living with a man | 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) | < 0.001* | n/a | |
Formerly in union/living with a man | 1.41 (1.28, 1.55) | < 0.001* | n/a | |
Number of unions for mothers | ||||
Once | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
More than once | 1.33 (1.28, 1.39) | < 0.001* | 1.30 (1.24, 1.36) | < 0.001* |
Current residence of mother | ||||
Living with husband/partner | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Staying elsewhere | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.015* | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 0.271 |
Duration of couple in union | ||||
1 month–7 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
> 7 years–14 years | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.045* | 0.78 (0.73, 0.82) | < 0.001* |
> 14 years–21 years | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 0.001* | 0.66 (0.61, 0.71) | < 0.001* |
> 21 years | 1.27 (1.21, 1.35) | < 0.001* | 0.72 (0.65, 0.80) | < 0.001* |
Never in union | 0.94 (0.39, 2.26) | 0.890 | 0.87 (0.36, 2.09) | 0.756 |
Household wealth quintiles | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.465 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 0.419 |
Middle | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) | < 0.001* | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.007* |
Richer | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | < 0.001* | 0.89 (0.0.84, 0.94) | < 0.001* |
Richest | 0.56 (0.0.53, 0.60) | < 0.001* | 0.77 (0.71, 0.83) | < 0.001* |
Mother’s educational level | ||||
No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 0.74 (0.71, 0.77) | < 0.001* | 0.78 (0.75, 0.82) | < 0.001* |
Secondary | 0.57 (0.54, 0.59) | < 0.001* | 0.74 (0.70, 0.79) | < 0.001* |
Higher | 0.27 (0.23, 32) | < 0.001* | 0.52 (0.42, 0.64) | < 0.001* |
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 1.39 (1.33, 1.44) | < 0.001* | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) | 0.013* |
Maternal age | ||||
15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 0.75 (0.70, 0.81) | < 0.001* | 0.63 (0.58, 0.69) | < 0.001* |
25–29 | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) | < 0.001* | 0.51 (0.46, 0.56) | < 0.001* |
30–34 | 0.71 (0.66, 0.76) | < 0.001* | 0.41 (0.37, 0.45) | < 0.001* |
35–39 | 0.74 (0.68, 0.80) | < 0.001* | 0.35 (0.31, 0.40) | < 0.001* |
40–44 | 0.78 (0.71, 0.85) | < 0.001* | 0.32 (0.28, 0.37) | < 0.001* |
45–49 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.645 | 0.37 (0.32, 0.44) | < 0.001* |