Correction to: Uptake of the child care expense deduction: exploring factors associated with the use of the child care expense deduction among families with a child under 12 years

Correction to: ICEP (2020) 14:12 https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s40723020–00076-0 Following publication of the original article [Heidinger et al. 2020], some errors found in the text. Corrections to the text can be found below, the corrected numbers are provided in bold. The original paper has been updated. Page 5: Methods There were a total of 3786 families included in the analytical sample, representing approximately 2,847,738 families across Canada. Page 8: Methods Exploratory analyses were also conducted among a subsample of GSS families that reported using child care in the past 12 months. Overall, approximately 56% of all families with at least one child under the age of 12 reported using child care in the previous year. Among these families using child care, approximately a third (35%) claimed the child care expense deduction. However, for reasons previously mentioned, results from the main analysis focus on the analytic sample composed of families with at least one child under the age of 12, regardless of reported child care use in the GSS. Page 8-page 13: Results. Characteristics of Child Care Expense Deduction Claimants. Table 1 displays the characteristics of families with at least one child under the age of 12 and characteristics of families that claimed and did not claim the child care expense deduction for the 2010 tax year. Results from chi-square tests are also presented indicating whether claimant families and non-claimant families were significantly different on the characteristics of interest. Overall, about one quarter (24%) of families with at least one child under the age of 12 claimed the child care expense deduction. There were also significant differences in the characteristics of families who did and did not claim the child care expense Open Access

Characteristics of families with at least one child less than 12 years old who did and did not claim the child care expense deduction  of single parent families claimed the child care expense deduction vs 22% of twoparent families), have the highest level of education in the household be a bachelor's degree or higher (29% vs 20% of families with less than a Bachelor's degree), be in the highest income quartile (29% vs 14% of families in the lowest income quartile), be non-Indigenous 1 (25% vs 16% of Indigenous families), be non-visible minorities (25% vs 20% of visible minority families), be non-immigrants (26% vs 20% of immigrant families), live in an urban area (25% vs 19% of families who lived in a rural area), and live in Quebec (36% vs 21% of families in Ontario).
In terms of family composition, claimant families were less likely to have three or more children (20% vs 26% of families with only one child) and to have an additional child aged 12 to 18, supervisory age, living in the household (21% vs 25% of families with no additional child aged 12 to 18). Lastly, in terms of family work characteristics, claimant families were more likely to work or attend school (29% vs 7% of families where at least one parent was not in work or school), work standard shifts (34% vs 8% of families where at least one parent not working), and work full time hours (30 h or more per week; 35% vs 8% of families where at least one parent not working). Table 2 presents results from the logistic regression model predicting whether or not families claim the child care expense deduction among all families with a child under the age of 12 controlling for differences in key demographic, child composition, and employment characteristics of families. A number of sociodemographic variables remained significant. Lone parent families were more likely to have claimed the expense deduction, with lone parents having more than two times the odds of claiming the deduction compared to two-parent families. As well, the highest level of education in the household was significantly different between claimant and non-claimant families. Families where the highest level of education was less than a bachelor's degree had two-thirds the odds of claiming the child care expense deduction compared to families where the highest level of education was a bachelor's degree or higher.
Adjusted family household income quartiles were also different between claimant and non-claimant families after controlling for key variables in the final analytic model. Low income families, those in income quartile 1, had about three-fifths the odds of claiming the child care expense deduction than high income families (the highest income quartile). Although claimant and non-claimant families differed by immigrant status, visible minority status, and Indigenous identity in the descriptive analysis, once included in the final logistic regression model which examined all variables simultaneously, these demographic indictors were no longer significant predictors of families claiming the child care expense deduction. Families living in rural areas had three-quarters the odds of claiming the child care expense deduction compared to families living in urban areas.
Provincial differences remained a significant predictor of claimant families in the final model. Families that resided in Quebec had higher odds of claiming the child care expense deduction compared to families residing in all other Canadian provinces except for New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. The odds that families residing in Ontario claimed the child care expense deduction were half the odds of claiming for families residing in Quebec.
In the descriptive analysis, the percentage of participants claiming the child care expense deduction differed by the total number of children in the household; however, not by the total number of children under the age of 12 in the household or whether there was a child in the household under the age of 6. In the final analytic model including key variables, having a child in the household between the ages of 12 and 18 remained significant. The odds of claiming the child care expense deduction were 1.5 times higher for families without a child between the ages of 12 to 18. Lastly, child care expense claiming and non-claiming families differed by the work characteristics of parents. Only family work hours (lone or both parents work more than 30 h, lone or one parent works less than 30 h/other parent works less than 30 h or more than 30 h, at least one parent non-working) was included in the final analytic model due to the high correlation of family work hours with family employment status and family standard employment variables.
Compared to families with lone or two parents working 30 h or more a week, families with at least one parent not working and families with lone or one parent working less than 30 h and the other parent working (less/more than 30 h a week) had lower odds of claiming the child care expense deduction. Families where at least one parent was not working had one-fifth the odds of claiming the child care expense deduction, and families where lone or one parent was working less than 30 h and the other parent was working (less/more than 30 h per week) had two-thirds the odds of claiming the child care expense deduction than families where lone or both parents were working more than 30 h a week. In other words, families where lone or both parents worked more than 30 h a week had higher odds of claiming the child care expense deduction.
Page 13: Discussion. A relatively small proportion of families claimed the child care expense deduction in Canada; less than a quarter of families with at least one child under the age of 12 in 2011 claimed the child care expense deduction during the 2010 tax year. The 2011 GSS collected data on the use of child care and approximately 56% of families in the analytic sample, families with at least one child under 12, reported using child care. Among these families that reported using child care, approximately a third (35%) claimed the child care expense deduction, indicating that even among families that reported the use of child care, the proportion of families claiming the child care expense deduction remains relatively small. Additional analyses (available upon request) controlled for family childcare use in the final analytic model and revealed similar results.  At least one parent not working 0.20 * Heidinger et al. ICEP (2021) 15:7 Table 3.

Appendix B
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