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Table 3 Grade Retention and Dropout Rate by Family Income Quintiles

From: Universal and Targeted Approaches to Preschool Education in the United States

Income

Retention (2004)

Dropout (2005)

Lowest 20%

12%

18%

Middle 20–80%

8%

9%

Highest 20%

4%

2%

  1. Note. From “Benefits and costs of quality early childhood education,” by W. S. Barnett, 2007, Children’s Legal Rights Journal, 27(1), 7–23.