Table 2 Quantile regression models of the relationship between free and compulsory pre-primary education and primary school gross graduation rates

Tuition-free pre-primary

5.76

(3.88)

6.80

(6.82)

Tuition-free and compulsory

9.61*

(4.26)

12.22*

(6.08)

Tuition-free but not compulsory

4.37

(5.86)

4.87

(8.14)

Natural log of per-capita GDP

9.41***

(2.79)

9.72**

(3.11)

9.36**

(3.02)

12.59***

(2.84)

Percent of population living in urban area

− 0.04

(0.11)

0.12

(0.19)

− 0.08

(0.11)

− 0.02

(0.16)

Constant

− 11.98

(27.11)

− 37.20

(24.24)

− 10.94

(29.13)

− 58.50*

(22.53)

Observations

104

104

104

104

Pseudo R²

0.21

0.37

0.21

0.39